In light of the growing need to meet the requirements of modern life, it has become imperative to educational institutions to take the latest information and communication technologies, and has employed the service of education, and the achievement of its objectives, along the lines of what has been achieved remarkable successes of this technology in various fields of life. And e-learning and distance education itself as a new pattern of education has programs and controls and mechanisms, where he began distance education in the nineteenth century and was the University of London, and has been applied in in 1858, where he was then called system students breakers, then the United States had similar experiences in University of Chicago in 1891 and the University of Wisconsin in 1906 and Queen's University in Canada in 1889 and the University of Queensland in Australia in 1911.
And the development of distance education in Britain significantly when it was first created a British university open in 1969, and since then until the early nineties remained Distance Education (Open Education) limited in Britain mainly on open universities specialized in this type of education, began after so many of regular British universities applying distance education system along with formal education. There is also in the United States alone currently 39 University systemic apply this type of education, including universities of Michigan and Stanford, Delaware, in addition to other universities specialized education open like University of Technology National (NTU) and the University of Maryland School televised (ITV), as established universities are open to education remote in Spain (1972), Iran (1973), Pakistan (1978), and Japan (1981), Nigeria (1983), Palestine (1985), and Sudan (1991), and Egypt at the University of Alexandria (1990), and finally the Arab Open University taken from the Kuwait-based in 2000 (Khalid liquidator, and Saleh Hamad, 2001)
Development of distance education:
At first, it was distance education means education by correspondence, that the mediator was the postal service that transmits printed materials, or written, between the learner and the teacher. But the techniques that are used in distance education now extends to a wide range of applications of computers and modern communication media industrial Kaloqmar. Can now use satellite telephone and delivery of broadcasting, voice and image, to remote locations without ground infrastructure networks are expensive.
Where education is generally an essential function in human societies, it was natural that the changing forms of education in general, and to evolve, with the escalation of technical development. As distance education depends in particular on communication techniques, the cradle of each phase of development in these technologies to the emergence of appropriate forms of its distance education.
The evolution of networks produced mail correspondence education through printed and written materials. The entry broadcasting to the use of radio in education. And the progress of the electrical and electronic industries increased role of acoustics in general in education through recording devices, then the back of the TV, video and followed. The increased importance of forms of educational broadcasting, heard and see, with the widespread use of satellites. With the proliferation of personal computers and computer networks, has become computer applications, especially those based on the interaction, one of the most important means of distance education, and most effective, and in particular in the field of self-directed learning.
In the United States of America, for example, granted preliminary licenses "educational radio" in the early twenties of this century, and began broadcasting educational in 1950. Did not originate initial, and perhaps most important, open universities only in 1971 in Britain. And began using computer networks in teaching and learning in the United States when it provided a "National Science Foundation" to U.S. universities the opportunity to use the Internet in the mid-eighties. This was followed, in the nineties, the start of the widespread use of computer media in the pre-university education, in the workplace and at home. (Nader Fergany. 1999 (
Definition of distance education: Distance Learning
Complaint about increasing the deficit to reach a clear definition of distance education; there are many terms to him in English, such as:
1. Home schooling Home study
2. Independent Study Independent study
3. Additional studies External study
4. Remote study Distance study
This resulted in the varied definitions of distance education, including:
• "It is the position of education occupies a means of communication and networking available, كالمطبوعات and telephone networks and telex systems TV and computer mail and other devices wired and wireless key role in overcoming the problem of long-distance that separates between the teacher and the learner to allow the opportunity to interact together" (Tawfiq Merhi and Mohammed Nasser, 1985)
• that "the term given to the type of education, based on the delivery of the educational process to learners living in remote areas or geographically isolated, and submit to those who do not allow their own circumstances to move to classrooms irregular, and forms of Applied distance education and educational radio and television" (Mohammed Yusuf Ahmed, 1425)
• and that "the kind of education that is provided to the sites and places where the student or student where away geographically from the professor, and is communicating through transfer techniques information audio and video (live and recorded) or through computer technology and the Internet, including teaching synchronous and asynchronous" (Mohammed Yusuf Ahmed, 1425)
• and that (a variety of teaching methods where the behavior learning separate from the behavior education, and includes those means in which communication between the teacher and the learner across devices and printing tools, mechanical devices, electronic and other devices "(Mohammed Yusuf Ahmed, 1425 )
• and that "the systematic use of printed and other media, and the media should be well-prepared in order to link communication between learners and teachers, and provide support to learners in their studies" (Mohammed Yusuf Ahmed, 1425)
I chose first definition for it is clear, and different education system and distance learning for formal education usual in two things: the first is the lack of a direct confrontation between the teacher and the learner. The second is the distance between the teacher, Omusdr learning and learner, Fa teacher and the learner is not brought together by location one, and the timing of specific as is the case in the school and university education formal (Maher Sabry and Salah Tawfik, 2005)
Remote areas of learning:
1 - university education:
You may have conditions Ktheramen individuals for not completing their university education because of the work for the maintenance of the family, or because of lack of financial capability. In all these cases may lose these individuals hope in completing their college education, but distance education solve the problem, and restores these individuals hope in completing their college education through what is known as Ba Open University.
Has been concerned by the open universities in the world and has been prepared has many programs that rely on communication tools of all kinds, and most famous of these universities are now the British Open University. It features provide freedom for the student to choose the subject and the place and date of the study., Which led to lower the cost of the study and to face competition on the desks in universities, because capacity is limited and is linked to Ba space and time and manpower.
2 - in-service teacher training:
Use this system for teacher training and rehabilitation in many countries of the world so as to develop their expertise and raise the level of educational performance and practice in the classroom.
The leading models in this field program UNRWA UNESCO Institute of Education to train teachers Filstunain in all host countries.
3 - general training programs:
These programs target several segments of societies in their work location, Ka engineers and administrators, doctors and others, in order to enrich their knowledge and determine their level of practical application. (Maher Sabry and Salah Tawfik, 2005)
Patterns of distance education:
Evolving patterns of distance education and alternate generations evolution Transport information used in it, as shown in the following table:
Notes from the previous table that the fourth generation of patterns of distance education has the best specifications for communication techniques used for distance education, and also notes that "distance education is not new, but new is the concept of electronic distance learning electronic distance learning (EDL)"
"The impact of the emergence of new technologies, especially computers in use some terms that may express distance education, of these terms: open education open learning, and distance learning tele-learning, and chapter-mail default virtual electronic classroom, and e-learning. E-learning . "(Mohammed Yusuf Ahmed, 1425)
Distance education is divided in terms of transportation into two types:
1 - direct contact (synchronous): the lecturer and students communicate at the same time directly but not necessary physical presence in the same place.
2 - indirect contact (asynchronous): It is not necessary that there lecturer and students at the same time or the same place, such as the use of e-mail and discussion forums ... Etc..
Both stylistic distance education, has its advantages and disadvantages, and we have seen that the most needy universities for more than asynchronous method of simultaneous method for many reasons including:
- Schedule different students.
- The technology required for the synchronous method prohibitive.
- Most of the students do not have Internet Links.
(Creative Atmesa .1430 e)
Characteristics and advantages of distance education:
1 - completely eliminate constraints of time and place, student learns on his home or in his office or in his car while he wants the circumstances available to him in the days of work or vacation days and holidays because the connection will be through the Internet to study materials or educational previously uploaded Professor, therefore, is not required to present Professor student contact time, and therefore may be a student in Cairo and connection during daylight hours while his teacher in America covered in a deep sleep.
At the same time it is no longer required to create classrooms and stands nine hundreds or thousands .. This already is out of the question .. And thus we have spent is in place and being money and possibilities.
2 - closer contact between teacher and student because the student related by Professor through the Internet,
Professor receives the message at his convenience is missed and student receive a reply at a time that suits him and the two discussed and interacts degree is not available in the traditional educational system.
3 - also available work discussions and debates among students and they are located in places, and even in multiple countries on a particular topic were studying, and is not possible in the traditional education system.
4 - and provides distance learning also multiple cultures and Ahtkakatha and mutual benefit among them because students study together and are from all over the world.
5 - and distance learning also allows the possibility of combining start work life and study at the same time, and therefore there is no need for rigid division of human life to a period of about 15 - 16 years of study to begin after work.
6 - distance learning allows continuous learning at any time and on any subject and at any level without any trouble or hardship.
7 - provides distance learning as well as adjust the exams and completely eliminate fraud and focus on the exam thinking, analysis and inference and not only conservation and indoctrination.
8 - and distance learning at the end of it will reduce the cost.
9 - and distance learning will spend on the problems of school management or the College administration and discipline and order issues associated with all of the costs.
10 - is an educational system that keep pace with developments in the field of technology transfer and use of information in education.
11 - make the most of the qualified educational energies instead of reducing their potential in the education of a limited number of regular students in universities, but the benefit of an unlimited number of students through modern technology of communications and information transfer. (Friend Afifi and Sawsan Marsa)
And means of distance education:
Uses distance learning all TMS and modern means of communication for the success of the educational process remotely, depending on the type of course and specialization, including:
First: printed educational materials:
The book is scheduled of the most important and easiest means learning printed, and the book contains scheduled on knowledge to be gained by the student also has the drawings and paintings, illustrations and exercises and sometimes techniques and tests self, and be book author specifically for distance education more detailed and clarification of the books of systematic study, ranging size 2 -3 times the size of his ilk from systematic study books in order to facilitate the student to interact with the material in the absence of the professor.
Second: printed educational materials such as:
• audio tapes.
• visual tapes (videos).
• computer disks or CDs.
Third: the means of communication:
• means of communication such as television broadcast by local and satellite broadcast, and may be used in television broadcasting or two-way direction.
• local and global radio.
• phone to inquire and discuss the article with the professor.
• Fax.
• Computer and local information networks and the Internet.
• E-mail.
• regular mail to send parcels educational, and this method is used largely for send bags laboratory or experimental packages for students of science subjects, such as microscopes and autopsy tools, glassware and computing facilities.
Fourth: other means:
• public and private libraries.
• research and educational laboratories at universities and research centers and educational centers of the University and hospital laboratories for some disciplines to accomplish and implement educational some scientific experiments, and may be in the form of a short summer courses. (Khalid Mustafa Saleh Hamad, 2001)
The need to distance education, and multi-channel education:
There are many reasons lead us to take distance education system including:
1. It is linked to the philosophy of continuing education, not for education alone but for education and development and meet the requirements, needs and skills that create day after day, and in the various fields.
2. It commensurate with the scientific progress rapidly and accumulated knowledge large which we live these days Vmtabah new in the field of what medicine and Computer Engineering, for example can be done after a day through the global information network (Internet); for this is the introduction of this type of education up to date and cope with the circumstances of life in which we live today.
3. Been proven by scientific research that barrier spatial has no negative impact on educational outcomes or educational attainment, many studies suggest that there is no difference in academic achievement between students who received their education remotely and among their peers who had been educated in the classroom. ( Mohammed Yusuf Ahmed, 1425)
Terms success of distance education, and multi-channel education:
Thought (Parker 1996) that the focus of success in distance education is: the teacher, and must into account the fact that there is no technology that compensates for weak teaching skills, and when the teacher is a good standard, the technology becomes more pronounced, and that teaching weak negative effect in distance learning applications, but when there is good teacher veteran capable of creative use of technology, lead to enrich the learning process for the student who does not sit within the walls of regular study.
The (McKinsey 1997 and others) identified nine important factors for the success of distance education programs:
1 - the ease of use of the system.
2 - The clarity of the characteristics of a distance learning and distinguishing it from traditional teaching.
3 - Compatibility with teacher's style (of comparative advantages and interoperability).
4 - emitters and motivated students and their development.
5 - the improvement and development of the student's education.
6 - Availability enough time to learn how to use the system.
7 - the possibility of using the equipment and devices in the classroom.
8 - proper training and enough teachers.
9 - the availability of the necessary funds. (Sarah Arini, 1999)
Cons introduction of distance education:
Of the most negative aspects of distance education as follows:
1. Absence of role models and influenced by the teacher in this type of education
2. Can not be this kind of education to discover talents and abilities of learners.
3. Verbal do not develop the ability of the learner.
4. Might escape the boredom of learner along sitting in front of devices
5. Absence of the human side of the educational process, for his absence in the machine
6. Distance learning weakens social relations of the learner
7. Affect learning through the machine on a health point of view of the learner.
8. High cost of this type of education, especially in the beginning of establishment and what you need this stage of sophisticated devices in the modern means of communication and information technologies, as well as the cost of technical maintenance, it cost technology education and associated cost of preparing the scientific material, design and cost of transmission via satellite The cost of faculty members, administrators and technicians working specialized centers.
9. Teaching manner distance education needs of the teacher a lot of time in the preparation of decisions, and accurate description her, and materials detailed and all arguments supporting that depend upon the learner from a distance, and some believe that the time needed to prepare a decision on after more than about (66%) of the time required to prepare a normal decision.
10. The time required to respond to inquiries learners electronically greatly increases the time required to answer the same questions in the usual education and face-to-face.
11 - lack some distance learning kits for some students or non-proficiency to be used, such as computer and network support services such as information technology.
12. Scarcity of trained personnel to design and develop the means of distance education and the consequent significant time and effort to train new cadres.
13 - Some students may feel lost or confusion on educational activities.
(Mohammed Yusuf Ahmed, 1425) (Khalid Mustafa Saleh Hamad, 2001)
Challenges to face disadvantages of distance education:
1. For students: You must provide for the educational needs of the students is the cornerstone of all effective programs for distance education, a measure that is on the basis of evaluation of each effort in this field. Regardless of the educational context, the primary task of the students are learning a daunting task even in the best of circumstances; require enthusiasm, planning, and the ability to analyze and apply educational content to be educated at the remote delivery of information.
2. Skills and capabilities of faculty: The success of any effort to distance education rests with the faculty, in the traditional education system for the classroom, including the responsibility of the teacher: Regulation of the contents of the seminar, and a better understanding of the needs of the students. The teachers must prepare themselves to face the challenges of private, hence teacher must:
. Develops a practical understanding about the characteristics and needs of students educated in the absence of direct contact and face-to-face.
. Follow the teaching skills that take into account the needs and expectations of diverse and disparate audiences.
. Develop a practical understanding of the technology delivery, while continuing to focus on the educational role of his personal.
. Works efficiently as a guide and deftly directed educational content.
3 - Advisors and brokers on the site:
Often the teacher considers it useful to rely on the broker on the site; to serve as a link between students and teacher, and to be an active role he has to accommodate the need to provide services for students, in addition to the expectations of the teacher of it. And most importantly, have a desire to guide the implementation of the teacher's instructions.
And reinforcing the role of mediator in the performance of the education service and a budget and good techniques; Even if his experience in the field of educational technologies are few; Advisors where the processing equipment and study collection techniques, and supervise the examinations if they were the eyes and ears of teachers.
4 - technical support team: These guys are the unsung soldiers in the distance learning process, they are doing to ensure that the vast amount of details required for the success of this program has been to deal with it effectively. In most successful programs for distance education, service functions are consolidated to include supporting student registration, copy and distribute the materials, providing books, copyright protection, and the development of programs, and the work of the special reports in degrees, and technical resources management .... Etc..
The individuals based on the support they really the foundation that keeps the coordination of efforts together and interdependence in the field of distance education.
5 - Administrators: Although the administrators usually influence in the planning of the distance learning program for an organization, but they often lose control in favor of professional managers as soon as the program is being implemented. The administrators actors in the field of distance education are more than just the people who provide ideas. They are collectively the construction process, and decision-making, and they are arbitrators. And work closely with the existing technical matters and supportive services; sources to ensure that the technology has been utilized in the educational mission of the institution effectively. The important thing is that they maintain their focus on the academic side, with the observation that meet the educational needs of the student after student is the first and last responsibility. (Yasmine return, Muslim soldier magazine)
Conclusion:
Distance education entrance regenerative formal education formal, based on the use of the media, because its roots to distance education, and study at home. He coordinated education depends on self-learning, and cares to provide educational materials on the basis of the distance between the parties of the educational process, and guiding students and their support and assistance and supervision development by a team of determined workers and their duties and responsibilities. remote education is an effective way to provide learning opportunities and enriching experiences for operators who can not afford to drop out of full-time work and to learn, who are deprived of formal education
Source: http://www.edutrapedia.illaf.net/arabic/show_article.thtml?id=699
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